Carrier mediated transport uses carrier proteins to carry molecules across the cell membrane. Carrier proteins open only the side of the membrane which is in contrast to the channel-mediated transport proteins. Thus, Carrier proteins are used in both active transport and passive transport. Carrier proteins usually have their binding site to bind to the molecules which have to be transported across the cell membrane. For example, the sodium-potassium pump has its binding site which is specific to certain ions. Carrier protein generally bound to a sufficient quantity of certain molecules. This then changes its shape to carry molecules across the membrane.
Carrier mediated transport can be performed as active transport, passive transport, facilitated diffusion, carrier-mediated intestinal transport, Vesicular transport, and ion pair formation. The common type of transport used to explain carrier-mediated transport is active transport and facilitated diffusion.
Active transport or pump mechanism requires energy in the form of ATP to pass molecules against the concentration gradient. An example of this active transport is the sodium-potassium pump. There is another type of active transport which is called secondary active transport. This is otherwise referred to as coupled carriers. The pumps in the cell’s membrane utilize the downhill transport of one molecule to drive the uphill passage of another molecule.
Passive transport or Facilitated diffusion used to carry molecules in the downhill direction which is down their concentration gradient. This does not require ATP to transport molecules across the membrane. Valinomycin potassium carrier-mediated transport is an example of facilitated diffusion. Carrier proteins bind to potassium ions and change their shape to release them across the cell membrane.
Cotransport:
Cotransport is otherwise called secondary active transport. Cotransporters help in enabling cotransport. Cotransporter is the subcategory of membrane transport proteins. In this transport, molecules move both in the direction of downhill to the concentration gradient and against the concentration gradient. Antiporter and symporter are the two transporters that come into the category of cotransport. Since Uniport is involved with the movement of only one molecule this does not belong to the cotransport. Cotransporters transport solutes either uphill or downhill gradients. This transport occurs at rates of 1000 to 100000 molecules per second. These cotransporters also act as channels. Depending on the conditions under which they are carried out, cotransporter can be either channels or transporters. Electric potential or chemical gradient is used for this transport. Antiporters use the cotransport mechanism to move the molecules or ions in opposite directions. In this case, one molecule moves from the endoplasmic space into the cytoplasmic space while the other molecule will move from the cytoplasmic space into the axoplasmic space. The sodium-calcium exchanger is an example of an antiporter. Symporters works in contrast to antiporters. Symporters transfer molecules in the same direction. Molecules are transported either from the cytoplasmic space into the axoplasmic space or axoplasmic space into the cytoplasmic space. The sodium-glucose linked transporter or SGLT is an example of a symporter.
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